讨论航空的运行时(Operation),特别是指在可行使的权利,所使用的航空器及飞行员的执照的类别、型别等级就很重要。也就是说飞机及飞行员,可以行使的权利其实是跟据不同的类别(category),等级(class)还有型别等级(type rating)的不同而有所不同。

就根据美国FAA,航空器基本分定翼飞机及旋翼机类别(Category),可以往下再分为“单发”和“多发”等级(class),而飞机类,更进一步又再分为“陆上”或“水上”等级(class)。据此,我们可以交叉配对像是“单发陆上”,“单发水上”,或是“多发陆上”。

1. King Air 350/DA42属于“飞机”类别(category),属“多发陆上”等级。
2. UH-60黑鹰属于“直升机”类别,属“多发陆上”等级。
3.塞斯纳172/182/152属于“飞机”类别,属“单发陆上”等级。
4.塞斯纳(Cessna)大篷车加浮桶,属于“飞机”类别,“单发海上”等级。

因为飞机有这样子的审定分类,所以飞行员在取得执照的时候也是需要有这样子的对应。简言之,当我们在从事飞行的时候,飞机的等级要求跟飞行员的等级要求是要两者相符合才可以去进行。
有志从事商业运行的飞行员在航校毕业之时,通常会取得双发等级及仪表等级,还有夜航的资格。但是一般飞行驾校,所飞的飞机都不会很大,但是如果要进入航空公司的话,肯定会面对更复杂,重量更重的飞机,所以就会有型别等级(Type rating)要求。
在许多国家中,单引擎飞机的飞行员在一定最大重量(通常为5700公斤或12500磅)下不需要对每种型号进行型号定级,而所有或大多数此类飞机都属于一个型别等级。也就是说,如果飞机起飞时重量超过12,500磅(5,700千克)或一个或多个涡轮喷气发动机,则需要具有型号等级,例如 波音747, King Air 350是要求型号等级的飞机。这个数据可以在FAA的网站上查询下载。
https://www.faa.gov/…/go/document.informat…/documentID/22886

等级 CLASS

(1)当用于航空人员的合格审定、定级、权利和限制方面时,指航空器在操作特性相似的类别内的等级划分。例如:单发、多发、陆上、水上、自转旋翼机、直升机、飞艇和自由气球:(2)当用于航空器的合格审定方面时,指某一大类具有相似的推进特性飞行特性或着陆特性的航空器。例如:飞机、旋翼机、滑翔机、气球、陆上飞机和水上飞机。(FAR第1部)
(1)as used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen means a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics Examples include: single engine; multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter; airship; and free balloon; and ( 2)as used with respect to the certification of aircraft means a broad gr quoing of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; and seaplane. (FAR Part D)

型号 TYPE

(1)用于航空人员的合格审定、定级、特权和限制时,指航空器的特定构造和基本形式包括不改变其操纵特性或飞行特性的改型。例如:DC-7,1049,和F-27:(2)用于航空器的合格审定时,指设计相似的那些航空器,例如:DC-7和DC-7C;1049G和1049H:及F-27和F-27F:(3)用于航空器发动机的合格审定时,指设计相似的那些发动机。例如r8D和r8D-7是同一型号的发动机,JT9D-3A和m9D-7是同一型号的发动机。(FAR第1部)
(1)as used with respect to certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations or airmen, means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, including modifications thereto that do not change its handling or flight characteristics. Examples include: DC-7, 1049, and F-27; and(2) as used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means those aircraft which are similar in design Examples include: DC-7 and DC-7C, 1049G and 1049H; and F-27 and F-27F: (3)as used with respect to certification of aircraft engines means those engines which are similar in design. For example, JT8D, and JT8D-7 are engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A andjt9d-7 are engines of the same type.(FAR Part D)

类 CATEGORY

(1)当用于航空人员的合格审定、定级、权利和限制方面时,指航空器的大的分类。例如:飞机、旋翼机、滑翔机和轻于空气的航空器;(2)当用于航空器的合格审定方面时,指根据航空器的预定用途或使用限制的分类。例如:运输类、正常类、实用类、特技类、限制类、限用类和临时类(FAR第1部):当用于跑道分类方面时,指根据跑道进近程序的分类。
(1) as used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and lmatano means a broad classification of aircraft. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air; and(2)as used with espect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include: transport; normal; utility acrobatic:; limited; restricted; and provisional. (FAR Part 1); as used with respect to the temporization of runways, means a grouping according to the type of approach procedure for that runway.